Bio-Concentration Factors of Heavy Metals in the Leaf and Root System of Some Selected Vegetables along the Dilimi River in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2431.021Keywords:
soil contamination, heavy metals, vegetables, bioconcentration factors, plateau stateAbstract
This research sought to evaluate the bio-concentration factors of specific heavy metals to facilitate the sustainable management and use of irrigation sites. Sixteen samples of lettuce and spinach were gathered, and each was divided into leaves and roots, placed into a different polythene bag and tagged with the plant's name, part, and stratum. The heavy metals that were analyzed included Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and Nickel (Ni). The analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The findings showed that all the metals Cr, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cd were within the WHO recommended permissible limit in soils, despite the vegetables having higher Fe concentrations than the recommended limit of 20.00 ppm. The results also showed that the roots and leaves of spinach and lettuce vegetables primarily categorized the heavy metals as having moderate Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF) values, which ranged between 0.1 and 1.0. The results also revealed hyper-accumulation of Ni (1.723) and Cr (1.249) in the leaves of lettuce and spinach. The results also indicate a weak relationship between plants and the heavy metals in the soil. The strongest association (r = -0.512) was found between Ni in the soil and Fe in the vegetables. Farmers along the river should be made aware of the detrimental consequences of their actions.
References
Aganga, A. A., Machacha, S., Sebolai, B., Tema, T. and Marotsi, B. B. (2005). Minerals in soils and forages irrigated with secondary treated sewage water in sebele, Botswana,” Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 155–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.155.161
Ahmad W, Alharthy RD, Zubair M, Ahmed M, Hameed A, Rafique S.(2021). Toxic and heavy metals contamination assessment in soil and water to evaluate human health risk. Sci Rep 11, 17006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94616-4
Alam, M. G. M., Snow, E. T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 308, no. 1-3, pp. 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00651-4
Al-Ansari N, Aldardor W, Siergieieve D, Knutsson S (2013). Effect of Treated Waste Water Irrigation on Vegetables. J. Environ. Hyd. 22: 12. Retrieved online from https://www.academia.edu/34878414/EFFECT on 11th February 2024
Ali, M.H., Mustafa, A.-R.A., El-Sheikh, A.A., (2016). Geochemistry and spatial distribution of selected heavy metals in surface soil of Sohag, Egypt: a multivariate statistical and GIS approach. Environ. Earth Sci. 75, 1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6047-x
Amin, N., Hussain, S., Alamzeb, A. and Begum, S. (2013) Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Edible Parts of Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water and Their Daily Intake to Adults and Children, District Mardan, Pakistan. Food Chemistry, 136, 1515-1532. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.058
Choi SH, Kim DS, Kozukue N, Kim HJ, Nishitani Y, Mizuno M, Levin CE, Friedman M (2014) Protein, free amino acid, phenolic, β-carotene, and lycopene content and ant oxidative and cancer cell inhibitory effects of 12 greenhouse-grown commercial cherry tomato varieties. Journals of Food Compos Anal 34:115–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.03.005
Dung-Gwom J.Y, Gontul T.K, Galadima J.S, Gyang J.D, and Baklit G, (2009). A Field Guide Manual of Plateau state. Berom Historical Publication. Jos. Pp.14-20
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L., (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ. Pollut. 114, 313–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8
FAO (1998). Animal Feeding and Food Safety, FAO, Rome, Italy, 1998. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/w8901e/w8901e00.htm on 17th March 2024.
FAO/WHO, (2001). Food additives and contaminants, Joint Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO. Food Standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Al0112ae.pdf on 17th March 2024.
Gupta, S., Jena, V., Jena, S. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal contents of green leafy vegetables. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 53–60.
Intawongse, M. and Dean, J. R. (2006). Uptake of heavy metals by vegetable plants grown on contaminated soil and their bioavailability in the human gastrointestinal tract. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500387554
Keepax, R.E., Moyes, L.N. and Livens, F.R. (2011) Speciation of Heavy Metals and Radioisotopes. In: Aleksandar, S., Ed., Environmental and Ecological Chemistry Volume II, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), 165-199. Retrieved from http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C06/E6-13-03-05.pdf on 17th March 2024.
Kfle, G., Ghebray Asgedom, Tedros Goje, Felema Abbebe, Lula Habtom, and Hagos Hanes (2020). The Level of Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Vegetables and Animal Feed Grasses Grown in Wastewater Irrigated Area, around Asmara, Eritrea. Journal of Chemistry (7):1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1359710
Mailoushi, J.T., Binbol, N.L., and Sadiku, Y., (2015). Measure of Evaporation in Jos a Comparative Analysis. In Iliya, M.A. available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313938689_Measure_of_Evaporation_in_Jos_A_Comparative_Analysis Retrieved on 11th February 2023.
Makinde EA, Ayeni LS and Ojeniyi SO (2010). Morphological Characteristics of Amaranthus as Influenced by Kola Pod Husk, organomineral and NPK fertilizers in Southeastern Nigeria. New York Science Journal. 3(5): 130-134. https://www.sciencepub.net/newyork/ny0305/21_2688_ny0305_130_134.pdf on 17th March 2024.
Marshall, F. (2003). Enhancing food chain integrity: quality assurance mechanisms for air pollution impacts on fruit and vegetable systems. Final Technical Report. Imperial College, London, UK 165pp. Retrieved online from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08cfce5274a27b2001567/R7530_FTR.pdf on 17th March 2024.
Mawari, G. Naresh Kumar, Sayan, Mradul Kumar Daga, Mongjam Meghachandra Singh, Tushar Kant Joshi, and Naushad Ahmed Khan (2022). Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fruits and Vegetables and Human Health Risk Assessment: Findings From Maharashtra, India. Environmental Health InsightsVolume 16, January-December 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221119151
Mcdowell, J. K. (1997). Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions: Extension Bulletin, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, third edition, 1997. Retrieved from https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00054813/00001/3j on 17th March 2024.
Muhammad S. S, Auwal I. U & Sulaiman S.Y. (2019). Analysis of Some Heavy Metals Present in Spinach Leaves Obtained from Selected Irrigation Sites of Katsina and Ajiwa Towns, Katsina State, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 5 No. 1b June 2019.
Netty, S., Wardiyati, T., Maghfoer, M. D. and Handayanto, E. (2013). Bioaccumulation of Nickel by five wild plant species on nickel-contaminated soil. IOSR Journal of Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-03510106
Njoh, R.A. (2019). Analysis of Heavy Metals in Vegetable and Agricultural Soil Samples in Gemikonagi and Dipkarpaz (North Cyprus). A thesis submitted to T.R.N.C. Near East University, Health Sciences Institute. Pp 1-82. Retrieved from http://docs.neu.edu.tr/library/6802988335.pdf on 17th March 2024.
Okunlola, Abdul-azeez (2018). Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commonly Edible Vegetables available in Markets of Akure-South Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) Vol-3, Issue-2, Feb-Mar, 2019 ISSN: 2456- 8635. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.2.3
Okunlola, Adeyela Ibironke (2019). Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commonly Edible Vegetables available in Markets of Akure-South Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria, International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) Vol- 3, Issue-2, Feb-Mar, 2019 ISSN: 2456-8635 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.2.3
Oluwatosin, G. A., O. D. Adeoyolanu,A. O. Ojo, K. S. Are, T. O. Dauda, and V. O. Aduramigba-Modupe (2010). Heavy metal uptake and accumulation by edible leafy vegetable (Amaranthus hybridus) grown on urban valley bottom soils in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Sediment Contamination. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320380903252911
Philimon N.Y and Yakmut K. R. (2018). Evaluation of Climatic and Environmental Management, Department of Geography University of Jos, Interim Report No. 5
Sikder S, Biswas P, Hazra P, Akhtar S, Chattopadhyay A, Badigannavar A, D’Souza S (2013) Induction of mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by gamma irradiation and EMS. Indian Journal of Genet Plant Breed 73:392–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-6906.73.4.059
Tasrina, R.C., Rowshon, A., Mustafizur, A. M. R., Rafiqul, I. and Ali, M. P. (2015). Heavy metals contamination in vegetables and their growing soil. Journal of Environmental Analytical. Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 3, article 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2380-2391.1000142
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 101:133–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6 -
Tinker, P. B. (1981). Levels, distribution, and chemical forms of trace elements in food plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 294, no. 1071, pp. 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1981.0088
Wuyep Solomon Zitta and Daloeng Hyacinth Madaki (2020). Climate Change, Rainfall Trends and Variability in Jos Plateau. Journal of Applied Sciences ISSN 1812-5654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2020.76.82
Zurera, G., Estrada, B., Rincon, F. and Pozo, R. (1987). Lead and cadmium contamination levels in edible vegetables. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01616705
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 UMYU Scientifica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
