Phytochemical Analysis and Antisickling Activity of some Medicinal Plants from Sokoto, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2433.015Keywords:
Sickle cell anemia, Anti-sickling properties, Medicinal plants, PhytocompoundsAbstract
Study’s Excerpt/Novelty
- This study provides insights into the phytochemical properties and antisickling activities of traditionally used plants (Khaya senegalensis, Vernonia amagdalina, Ficus carica, Cassia nigricans, and Ficus sycomorus) in the management of sickle cell anemia.
- Employing cold methanol maceration for exhaustive extraction, the research reveals the presence of key phytocompounds such as alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, and flavonoids, with notable antisickling activity and erythrocyte membrane stability demonstrated by these plant extracts.
- The findings, particularly the high sickling reversal percentages and membrane stabilizing potential, underscore the therapeutic potential of these plants in altering hemoglobin S polymerization and maintaining red blood cell integrity.
Full Abstract
Sickle cell anemia occurs due to the polymerization of abnormal hemoglobin S resulting from decreased oxygen tension. Ultimately, this causes alterations in red blood cell structure, resulting in anemia. This study, therefore, examined the phytochemical properties and the antisickling activity of some selected plants (Khaya senegalensis, Vernonia amagdalina, Ficus carica, Cassia nigricans, and Ficus sycomorus) that have been reported to be used by traditional medical professionals in the management of sickle cell anaemia. The plants were exhaustively extracted using cold methanol maceration. Each plant's methanolic extract was subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical testing to ascertain its phytocompound composition. To determine the Sickling Reversal Ability of the plant extracts, sickling was induced in red blood cells (RBCs) by adding sodium metabisulfite (2%) and then treated with 10 µg/ml of the extracts. The osmotic fragility test was used to investigate the membrane stabilizing effect of selected extracts (250 µg/mL) on the solubility of hemoglobin S and the integrity of the sickle cell membrane. From the results, it was observed that the plants investigated showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, and flavonoids. Only anthraquinones was found absent in all plant extracts tested. The study also revealed a high anti-sickling activity by the plants. The extracts significantly reversed sickling cells with K. senegalensis (95.29 ± 5.62 %), V. amagdalina (92.19 ± 6.91 %), F. carica (88.32 ± 3.98 %), C. nigricans (92.26 ± 5.01 %) and F. symcomorus (92.11 ± 6.31 %). Regarding membrane stabilizing potential, F. carica Stem bark demonstrated a considerably greater membrane stabilizing potential (IC50 = 3.98 ± 0.51mg/mL)followed by C. nigricans leaves (5.01 ± mg/mL). The methanolic extract of the plants studied demonstrated high potency in maintaining erythrocyte membrane integrity and altering the polymerization of sickle cell hemoglobin at increasing concentrations.
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