Lithological and Structural Mapping of Basement Rock Units in the Ikara North-Central Basement Complex, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2434.016Keywords:
Gneiss, Granites, Pegmatites, Fractures, Shear ZonesAbstract
Study’s Excerpt
- The lithological and structural composition of the Ikara North-Central Basement Complex in Nigeria is investigated.
- Detailed field and petrographic analyses were carried out to identify the rock types of the area.
- The geological map of the area is updated.
Full Abstract
The lithological and structural architecture to unravel the compositions and tectonic evolution of the Nigerian Basement Complex has not been fully documented by geoscientists. As such, this research aimed to investigate the lithological and structural characteristics of the Ikara North-Central Basement Complex. Detailed petrographic and field analysis reveals the prevalence of gneiss and granite lithologies characterized by significant structural features such as fractures, folds, and foliations. These findings offer new understandings of the tectonic evolution of the region. The study area mapped is the Ikara Sheet 103 Federal Survey Topographic Sheet to a scale of 1:100,000. The major lithological units underlying the study area are gneisses and granites. However, these major rock types have varieties, namely migmatitic gneiss, granite gneiss, migmatitic (augen) gneiss, porphyroblastic gneiss, medium to coarse-grained granites, and porphyritic granites. These rock types were intruded by quartzites, pegmatitic dykes, quartz, and aplite veins. Rock samples were observed and studied based on their mineralogical composition, color, and texture. The results of the petrographic analysis showed that the rocks are mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase feldspars, alkali feldspars, mica (biotite and muscovite), hornblende, garnet, and accessory minerals like zircon and magnetite. Geological structures were also observed during the field study, namely fractures (joints and fractures), foliations, lineations, veins, dykes, and various landforms. Photomicrographs from thin section analyses revealed micro-structures like myrmekites, micro-folds, and micro-fractures were also observed. Mineralization such as amethyst and cassiterite were hosted by quartz veins and pegmatites in porphyritic granites, respectively. A litho-structural map was produced, exhibiting the lithological units and regional structures cross-cutting the area of research.
References
Abdulhamid, N. T., 2017. Geology, Geochemistry and Structural Controls of Badafi Pegmatite Field, Parts of Sheets 80 (Kabo SW, SE) and Sheet 103 (Ikara NW, NE), Northwestern Nigeria (Unpublished MSc. Thesis). Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Abdulmalik, N. F., 2016. Geology and Tectonic History of the Basement Complex Rocks in Shanono Area, Part of Sheet 56 (Musawa SE), Northwestern Nigeria. An M.Sc. Dissertation, Geology Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 128 pages.
Abdulmalik, N. F., Garba, I., Danbatta, U. A. and Hamza, H., 2018. Delineation and Correlation of Lineaments Using Landsat-7 ETM+, DEM and Aero-magnetic Datasets: Basement Complex of Shanono, Northwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 7:4 https://doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000445
Abdulmalik, N. F. and Umaru, A. O., 2020. Interpretation of Aeromagnetic and Aero-radiometric Data in Delineating Major Fractures within Sheet 56 (Musawa SE), Northwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology. Vol. 56 (2), pp. 319-328.
Ajibade, A.C., Fitches, W.R. and Wright, J.B., 1979. The Zungeru mylonites, Nigeria: recognition of a major tectonic unit. Revue de Geologie Dynamique et de Geographie Physique, vol. 21: pp. 359-363. https://doi.org/10.1029/GD017p0259
Ajibade, A.C., Woakes, M. and Rahaman, M.A., 1987. Proterozoic crustal development in the Pan-African regime of Nigeria. In: A. KrGner (Editor), Proterozoic Crustal Evolution. Geodynamic Series, American Geophysics Union, vol. 17: pp. 259-271.
Ajibade, A.C., Woakes, M. and Rahaman, M.A., 1989. Proterozoic crustal development in the Pan-African regime of Nigeria. In: Kogbe, C.A. (Ed.), Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishing Co., Lagos, 57-70.
Ajibade, A.C. and Wright, J.B., 1989. The Togo-Benin-Nigeria shield: evidence of crustal aggregation in Pan-African belt. Tectonophysics: vol. 165, pp. 125-129 and 433-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90041-3
Almeida, F.F.M. and Black, R., 1967. Symposium on continental rift. Montevideo Geological comparison of North-Eastern South America drift and Western Africa. An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. (Suppl.), pp. 319-377.
Balarabe, B., Lawal, K. M., Ahmed, A. L., Umar, M., Mohammed, M. A. and Adamu, A., 2017. The use of analytic and first derivative techniques to gain insight into aero-magnetic anomaly patterns in part of Ikara, Nigeria. FUW Trends in Science and Technology Journal, Vol. 2(2) pp. 684 – 690.
Ball, E., 1980. An example of very consistent brittle deformation over a wide intracontinental area: The Late Pan-African fracture system of the Taureg and Nigerian Shield. Journal of Tectonophysics: vol. 16: pp. 363-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(80)90240-1
Black, R., Ball, E., Bertrand, J.M.L., Boullier, A.M., Caby, R., Davison, I., Fabre, J., Leblanc, M. and Wright, L.I., 1979. Outline of the Pan-African geology of Adrar des Iforas (rep. of Mall). Geol. Rundsch. Vol. 68(2): pp. 543-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820806
Black, R. and Lie´geois, J.P., 1993. Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: the Pan-African testimony. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 150, pp. 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.1.0088
Black, R., Latouche, L., Liegeois, J.P., Caby, R., Bertrand, J.M., 1994. Pan African displaced terranes in the Taureg shield (Central Sahara). Journal of Geology, vol. 22: pp. 641-644. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0641:PADTIT>2.3.CO;2
Boullier, A.M., 1991. The Pan-African Tran-Saharan belt in the Hoggar shield (Algeria, Mali.Niger): a review. In: DALLMEYER, R.D. and LEC'ORC'HE, J.P. (editors) The West African Orogens and Circum-AtlanticCorrelatives. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.85-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84153-8_5
Bruguier, O., Dada, S., Lancelot, J.R., 1994. Early Archean component ( 3.5 Ga) within a 3.05 Ga orthogneiss from northern Nigeria: U–Pb zircon evidence. Earth and Plane tary Science Letters 125, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90208-9
Bucher, K., and Frey, M., 2002. Definition, Conditions, and Types of Metamorphism. In: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04914-3_1
Burke, K., Dewey, J., and Kidd, W. S. F., 1977. World distribution of sutures – the sites of former oceans. Tectonophysics, vol. 40, pp. 66-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90030-0
Burke, K.C. and Dewey, J.F., 1972. Orogeny in Africa; In: African Geology, edited by Dessauvagie, T.F.J. and Whiteman, A.J. University of Ibadan. Pp. 583-608.
Caby, R., Bertrand, J.M.L. and Black, R., 1981. Pan-African Ocean closure and continental collision in the Hoggar-Iforas segment Central Sahara: In Precambrian Tectonics. Kröner, A. (Editor); Elsevier Amsterdam, pp. 407-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70021-5
Caby, R., 1989. Precambrian terranes of Benin- Nigeria and northeast Brazil and the late Proterozoic South Atlantic fit. Geological Society America Special Paper, vol. 230, pp. 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE230-p145
Caby, R., Sial, A.N., Arthaud. M., Vauchez, A., 1990. Crustal Evolution and the Brasiliano Orogeny in Northeast Brazil. In: Dallmeyer, R.D.. Lecorche, J.P. (Eds.). West African orogens and Circum-Atlantic Correlatives, Springer-Verlag, pp. 353-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84153-8_16
Dada, S. S., 1998. Crust-forming ages and proterozoic crustal evolution in Nigeria: a reappraisal of current interpretations. Elsevier Precambrian Research, vol. 87, pp. 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00054-5
Dada, S.S., 2006. Proterozoic evolution of the Nigeria-Boborema province; In: O. Oshin (Editor). The Basement Complex of Nigeria and its Mineral Resources: A Tribute to Prof. M. A. O. Rahaman: AkinJinad and Company. Ibadan. Pp. 29–44.
Dickin, A.P., Halliday, A.N., Bowden, P., 1991. A Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope study of the Basement and Mesozoic ring complexes of the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Chemical Geology 94, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(10)80014-2
Eskola, P., 1963. The Precambrian of Finland, in Rankama, K., ed., The Precambrian: New York, Interscience Publisher, pp. 145-264.
Fawwaz, Y. M., 2019. Geology of Mahanga and its Environs, Part of Sheet 103, Ikara SW, Ikara LGA, Kaduna State. A published M.Sc. Dissertation.
Ferre, E., Gleizes, G., Bollchez, J.-L. and Nnabo, P.N. 1995. Internal fabric and strike-slip emplacement of the Pan-African granite of Solli Hills. Northern Nigeria. Tectonics, vol. 14, pp. 1205-1219. https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC01445
Ferre, E., De ´le ´ris, J., Bouchez, J.L., Lar, A.U. and Peucat, J.J., 1996. The Pan-African reactivation of contrasted Eburnean and Archaean provinces in Nigeria: structural and isotopic data. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 153, pp. 719–728. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.153.5.0719
Ferre, E., Gleizes, G. and Caby, R., 2002. Obliquely convergent tectonics and granite emplacement in the Trans-Saharan belt of Eastern Nigeria: a synthesis. Elsevier Precambrian Research, vol. 114, pp. 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00226-1
Fitches, R.W., Ajibade, A.C., Egbuniwe, I.G., Hole, R.W., Wright, J.B., 1985. Late Proterozoic Schist Belts and Plutonism in Northwestern Nigeria: Journal of Geological Society London, vol. 142: pp. 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.2.0319
Garba, I., 2003. Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralization in the Pan-African (600 ± 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria. Applied Earth Science: Transaction of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, section B, vol. 112(3), pp. 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1179/037174503225003143
Garba, I., 2002. Geochemical Characterization of the Gold Mineralization near Tsohon Birnin Gwari, Northwestern Nigeria: Chemie der Erde/Geochemistry, vol. 62 (2): pp. 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1078/0009-2819-00008
Grant, N.K., Hickman, M., Burkholder, F.R. and Powell, J.L., 1972. Kibaran metamorphic belt in the Pan-African domain of West Africa. Nature (London), vol. 134: pp. 343-349.
Grant, N.K., 1970. Geochronology of Precambrian basement rocks from Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Earth Planetary Science Letters. Vol. 10: pp. 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(70)90061-0
Grant, N.K., 1978. Structural distinction between a metasedimentary cover and an underlying basement in the 600 Ma old Pan-African domain of northwestern Nigeria: Geological Society of America; Bulletin, vol. 89: pp. 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<50:SDBAMC>2.0.CO;2
Hubbard, F.H., 1975. Precambrian crustal development in western Nigeria: indications from the Iwo region. Geologic Society of America Bulletin, vol. 86: pp. 548-554. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<548:PCDIWN>2.0.CO;2
Ibrahim, A.A. and Hayatu, R.A., 2021. Genesis and rare metal potential of pegmatites around Makarfi area, North Western Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Science. 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104183
Leblanc, M., 1981. The Late Proterozoic Ophiolites of BouAzzer (Morocco) evidence for Pan-African plate tectonics: In Precambrian Plate Tectonics. Kroner, A. (Editor): Elsevier, Amsterdam. Pp. 435-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70022-7
McCurry, P., 1973. The geology of Sheet 21, Zaria, Nigeria: Overseas Geology and Mining Resources, 45.
McCurry, P., 1976. The Geology of the Precambrian Palaeozoic rocks of northern Nigeria- review. In: C.A. Kogbe (Editor), Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers and Co., Lagos, pp. 15-39.
Obaje, N.G., 2009. Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London and New York, pp. 221. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92685-6
Obiora, S. C., 2006. Petrology and geo-tectonic setting of the Basement Complex rocks around Ogoja, Southeastern Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Sciences, vol. 46: pp. 13–46. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v46i1.15912
Odeyemi, I. A., 1981. A review of the orogenic events in the Precambrian Basement of Nigeria, West Africa. Geologische Rundschau, vol. 70: pp. 897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820170
Oluyide, P.O., 1988. Structural trends in the Nigerian Basement Complex: Nigerian Mining Geology and Metallurgy Society, vol. 1, pp. 87-102.
Onyeagocha, A. C. and Ekwueme, B. N., 1990. Temperature-pressure distribution patterns in metamorphosed rocks of the Nigerian Basement Complex - a preliminary analysis. Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(90)90079-T
Oversby, V.M., 1975. Lead isotope study of aplites from the Precambrian rocks near Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol. 27, pp. 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90027-8
Oyawoye, M.O., 1972. The Basement Complex of Nigeria. In: Dessauvagie, T.F.J. and Whiteman, A J. (Editors), African Geology, Ibadan, 1970: Geology Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 67-99.
Rahaman, M. A., 1976. Review of the basement geology of Southwestern Nigeria, in Geology of Nigeria, edited by C.A. Kogbe: Elizabethan Publishers Company, Lagos, pp. 41-58.
Rahaman, M. A., 1988. Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria. Precambrian Research, vol. 38(1-3), pp. 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(83)90059-1
Rahaman, M. A., Emofureta, W.O. and Caen Vachetta, M., 1983. The Potassic-granites of the Igbetti area; further evidence of the polycyclic evolution of the Pan-African belt in Southwestern Nigeria. Precambrian Research. Vol. 22, pp. 25-92.
Russ, W., 1957. The geology of parts of Niger, Zaria and Sokoto provinces, with special reference to the occurrence of gold: Bulletin of Geological Survey Nigeria, page. 27.
Saggerson, E. P. and Turner, L. M., 1972. 24th Institutional Geological Congress, Montreal.
Van Breemen, O., Pidgeon, R.T., Bowden, P., 1977. Age and isotopic studies of some panafrican granites from Northcentral Nigeria. Precambrian Research, vol. 4, pp. 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(77)90001-8
Woakes, M., Rahaman, M. A. and Ajibade, A. C., 1987. Some metallogenic features of the Nigerian Basement. Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 6(5), pp. 655-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(87)90004-2
Wright, J.B., Hastings, D. A, Jones, W.B. and Williams, H. R., 1985. Geology and mineral resources of West Africa. George Allen and Unwin, London, vol. 187, pp. 111-123.
Yusuf, N. A., Abdullahi, M. and Hassan, I. S., 2018. Geology and Petrography of Basement Rocks around Paki, Northwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE). Vol. 4 (12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2018.33027
Yunusa, A., and Ibrahim, A.A., 2023. Structural and lithological controls of pegmatite. Mineralization in Ikara, northwestern Nigeria. Bima Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 7 (1) ISSN: 2536-6041 Pp. 115-122. https://doi.org/10.56892/bima.v7i01.392
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nana Fatima Abdulmalik, Isiaka Ibrahim Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
&
